This week for Flora and Fauna Friday we have a locally named but widespread critter, the Carolina Locust (Dissosteira carolina).
The Carolina Locust is found throughout the continental United States and even reaches into Mexico and Canada. Despite the biblical connotations, today’s Locust is not a swarming species nor is it known to be a regular agricultural pest. The Carolina Locust a good-sized, 1.5 to 2 inch, grasshopper. The species emerges from the ground as a nymph each June. Those nymphs hop themselves along, feeding on grasses and forbs, until they can undergo their last molt and finally spread their wings as full-fledged Locusts. The Carolina Locust is a cryptically colored insect whose color pattern often camouflages them perfectly against their environment. That environment is usually roads. They like dry, dusty habitats and are partial to hanging out on dirt and gravel roads where they seamlessly blend into their surroundings. They come in many shades of grays and browns but, whatever their neutral of choice, they’re always thoroughly speckled and subtly variegated so as to be almost imperceptible when standing still. However, when they’re in motion, they’re hard to ignore. When Carolina Locusts take flight, they reveal an oversized set of black wings fringed in ivory white. Their deep wing beats and slow flight gives them the impression of a butterfly at first glance.
The week for Flora and Fauna Friday it’s another often overlooked weed with some surprising culinary character, Dune Groundcherry (Physalis walteri).
Dune Groundcherry, AKA Walter’s Groundcherry, is one of several Groundcherries found in our state. However, of the three found on Edisto, it’s the most common species you’ll encounter. It’s a perennial that grows heartily on sandy soils in full sun. It can often find a foothold even amidst grasses and the weedier forbs of fields and wood lines. The foliage is bluish-green with a silvery hue from the fine coat of hair which coats its upward cupping leaves. The plant itself is fairly compact and is usually only a foot or so in height. The flower is a small weeping funnel of pastel-yellow with a center inlaid with ebony. Once pollinated, a pendulous fruit will emerge; a paper lantern, vertically ribbed, dangling by a sinewy string. As the fruit grows and matures, it eventually yellows and dries. As it dries, its skin flakes away to reveal an intricate lattice of ashy veins that cage a golden morsel at its core. That orange-yellow sphere is the real fruit; the cherry atop the ground.
Groundcherries go by another name, Husk Tomatoes. It’s a name that’s pretty on the nose. Groundcherries are actually close relatives of the tomato and so their similarities run deep. Just one look at the hanging yellow flowers, silver-haired leaves, forked branches, and its smooth-skinned, spherical, orange berries will illustrate what I mean. In fact, the common Tomatillo (Physalis philadelphica) is a member of the Groundcherry genus too. Just like its culinary cousins, the fruits of Dune Groundcherry are edible as well! However, they’re poisonous when green, so it’s best to let them vine ripen before peeling away the husk and popping them in your mouth. I’ve been told they’re sweet with quite a fruity taste but, as they’re a favorite of wildlife, I’ve yet to get a chance to try one.
This week for Flora and Fauna Friday we have a secretive, jewel encrusted reptile on display; except it’s not the long and rattling one, it’s the round and bony one. This week we’re gazing upon the Diamondback Terrapin (Malaclemys terrapin).
Between the cast of a shrimp net a chaotic bobbing on the upstream surface makes itself known. A hypnotic shell of swirling circles within circles aggravates your eye. It begs attention to a turtle. A turtle with pearly-white skin of an almost luminescent alien glow radiates between pluff mud polka dots and tiger stripes. A wide grin through thick peachy-lips of hardened bone smiles back at you. It scuttles along the bank beside your feet before careening down an inlet and out of site. Clutching your net you stand dazed with awe. A wondrous sight few see but none forget. Today’s turtle is extra special. Not only is it unreal in its beauty but it’s become adapted to life in the briny drink entirely separate from Sea Turtles.
The Diamondback Terrapin is a typical size for a Pond Turtle, usually a hand span or less in length. Females are far larger with a more robust head. A Terrapin’s shell is flat and furrowed along concentric circles within the scutes. Rings of gray, tan, and black alternating like a hypnotist’s wheel. Their skin is a milky-white with a wash of sky-blue. It’s flecked with uncountable black speckles and splotches from webbed toe-tip to their broad smirking mouth. That grin is a beak made of peachy-yellow bone. Terrapins use that beak for meal prep. They’re a carnivorous species with a preference for shellfish. A female’s over-sized chompers are perfect for crushing periwinkles, fiddler crabs, mummichogs, shrimp, mussels, fingers, and grasshoppers. Males prefer the softer options in the salt marsh.
Diamondback Terrapins have salt glands that they use to expel excess salt from their body. This allows them to drink and live in saltwater without dehydrating. They’re far more efficient than Alligators at this but not as adept as Sea Turtles. So Terrapins stick to tidal ecosystems where the salinity is lower. Here in our tidal creeks they spend their lives crunching crabs and flailing about oyster reefs mostly hidden from the view of humans beneath the sediment saturated saltwater. However, in May females come ashore to lay their eggs. Your best chance to see a Terrapin is as she makes her way onto a nearby causeway or hammock island to nest.
Diamondback Terrapins were historically harvested to make turtle soup. Centuries of harvests have taken their toll on our turtle. Turtle soup has fallen out of favor but commercial crabbing became a new threat. Terrapins like to eat crustaceans and crab traps are designed to funnel critters in but not out. Thus, Terrapins often get caught in crab traps and drown. They received some government protections against collection in recent decades but their populations are still critically low. If you crab, please equip your traps with Bycatch Reduction Devices. They keep big Terrapins out and make it easier for small turtles to escape.
This week for Flora and Fauna Friday we have a common wildflower of spring, Cut-leaf Evening-Primrose (Oenothera laciniata).
Cut-leaf Evening-Primrose is a common herbaceous annual found across Edisto Island. Its leaves are deeply lobed and its stem gnarled and drooping. Stems are usually reddish and finely haired. It’s found most often in sun on sandy soils but will grow in most open habitat where soil is bare. The flowers are middling in size with four heart-shaped petals a pastel-yellow. As the flowers age and fade they turn an orange that sinks to pink. The petals then curl in and abreast a new bloom is ushered forth to take its place. This species can be quite prolific and even becomes a groundcover in the right conditions. The fruits are finger shaped and dry to shed many small seeds. This species belongs to a diverse genus with many varied species.
The Cut-leaf Evening-Primrose is small and rather inconspicuous compared to its cogenerates. Species in the same genus include the hot pink and large-flowered Showy Evening-Primrose (O. speciosa), the man-height Common Evening-Primrose (O. biennis), the dune blooming Beach Evening-Primrose (O. drummondii), and the feathery formed, thread petalled Southern Beeblossum (O. simulans). While these species may be more impressive aesthetically, physically, or ecologically, none fill the same niche as our little Cut-leaf Evening-Primrose. It’s small, ragged, and weedy but Cut-leaf Evening-Primrose is our most common member of the Evening-Primroses. Although so slight, it provides much needed pollen and nectar to our spring bees where the others cannot reach. A humble and diligent flower in every way.
This week for Flora and Fauna Friday, we have a pair of indistinguishable butterflies. A set of Satyrs so subtly distinct it took a genetic study to discover the differences some 220 years after first described. This week we’re talking about one of my pet projects, the Carolina Satyr (Hermeuptychia sosybius) and the Intricate Satyr (Hermeuptychia intricata).
I am not going to get technical on the subject today but instead speak about this species complex as an example in regards to the modern scientific landscape of taxonomy and species discovery. If you want the technical details for some reason, I have a publication on the subject in the Journal of the Lepidopterists’ Society you can read. [Austin, 2018. 72(4):307-313.]
The Carolina Satyr was first described at the end of the 1700s. It’s an incredibly common species of butterfly that eats grass, drinks tree sap, and is found in forests throughout the southeastern United States. There’s nary a woodlot in South Carolina that this insect doesn’t call home. Edisto Island is no exception. What’s incredible about the Carolina Satyr is that it turned out to be two species across nearly half its range. In 2014 a team of researchers performing a phylogenetic study of the genus in North America made the find. What the researchers found was a new species of Satyr in the Southeast US, the Intricate Satyr. Phylogenetics is a field of biology that examines the genome of an organism and compares it to others to determine how they are related. This can reveal when species first appeared, where their ancestors originated, and whether one descended from another. Often, the results lead to reorganization of a genus or creation of a new taxon. Sometimes, like in the case of our Satyrs, they find hidden species. Often these new species are contentious. They’re impossible to tell apart, reproductively indiscrete, or possibly just subspecies. Personally, I’m in the camp of physiological reproductive isolation is a prerequisite for designation of a discrete species.
What’s interesting about the Intricate Satyr is that it is more ancient than the Carolina Satyr and has a narrower range completely within that of the Carolina Satyr. Upon closer examination of specimens, the researchers revealed that it was indeed a discrete and separate species, different not only in genome but physically distinct and incapable of hybridization. A true-blue species by any definition of the word, undiscovered in the eastern United States for over 200 years. Where I come into this story is 2016 when I began researching field identification techniques and the ecology of the Intricate Satyr. The two species are incredibly similar but still distinct. There was not yet robust documentation of the morphology of the new species. At the end of 2018, I published my work detailing the differences I documented between the ecologies of the species in South Carolina and how to successfully identify between the two in the field.
This example of the subtle Satyrs highlights how scientific discovery in the field of biology has changed in North America over the centuries. Gone are yesterdays; the days of hiking through the wilds of the frontier collecting bags upon bags of specimens of new, foreign life forms. However, the days of discovery have never left. Here today are the days of sitting down in a lab and looking really hard at what has already been done and piecing together the puzzle collected by the generations before, one bug at a time, to produce an ever more detailed and intricate view of the world around us. No one noticed this species for two centuries but there were morphological differences that could have distinguished them all this time. Just think what else is out there under our nose, waiting for someone to look close enough to notice.
This Week for Flora and Fauna Friday we have the crown jewel of the swamp, Virginia Iris (Iris virginica).
Through the columns of Gums and over the foundation of muck a twinkle of violet shifts under the weight of a Darner. Dangling over a palisade of emerald blades a crown of color beckons. Swallowtails and skippers flutter and flee from its fringes amidst the darting strikes of darners and skimmers. Behind the bulwark flies the standards of its colorful comrades, rising above their verdant outpost. An encampment of Virginia Iris in the barren mire of the swamp.
Virginia Iris is a large species of wetland wildflower found throughout our coastal plain. It grows through its roots into spreading clumps, shin-deep in water on the fringes of permanent, shady wetlands. It’s large, flat grassy-leaves reach waist height as they arch upward and outward from the water in overlapping fans. In April they send up stalks to bear their flowers. Palm-sized, six-petalled, multi-colored, double-decker flowers primed in white, painted in violet, accented with saffron, and inlaid with veins of crimson. These flowers act as beacons not only for the curious naturalist but for the wandering insect. Pollinators, still groggy and ravenous from the prior season’s sleep, flock from across the swamp to this chromatic café, some sipping their first nectar for the year.
This week for Flora and Fauna Friday we have the unkillable Killifish and the fodder of fishermen, the Mummichog or Mud Minnow (Fundulus heteroclitus).
The Mummichog is a member of the Killifish, which used to be one family but is now several. Just know that this group is composed mainly of species of small fish. Our species is indeed small, about the size of a finger. Their scales are the color of our creeks, a murky greenish-brown above, which fades to a beige below. Their bodies are lightly iridescent and often accented down their side by a dozen or more thin silvery lines. Their body is stubby, their fins are round, and their face is blunt and upturned. Mummichog are found in tidal habitats throughout the seaboard of the Eastern United States and are as common as pluffmud in the salt marshes and estuaries of South Carolina. These Mud Minnows can be found along the edge of every creek and tributary on Edisto Island. They are most known for their value as bait fish because not only are they easy to catch but they’re incredibly hardy. Their value as a bait hints at their two most important characteristics. Mummichog are a critical link in the food web of the salt marsh. They are a primary prey item throughout the year for a long list of species including Egrets and Herons, Blue Crabs, Terns, Mink, Kingfishers, and an uncountable number of fish species. The Mummichog themselves feed on small arthropods, detritus, and larval fish.
In fact, Mummichog are world renowned for their ability to survive the harshest of chaotic environmental conditions and have been used widely as a scientific model because of it. I’d even say they top the Mosquitofish in the environmental survival department. Mummichog can survive not only the wild temperature swings of salt marsh shallows but also the anoxic conditions of stagnant wetland pools, the high toxin loads in polluted waterways, and, most impressively, rapid fluctuations in salinity. Salinity in the salt marsh can vary massively. Some shallow areas can become practically freshwater following heavy rains and others near the coast can be close to oceanic saltiness. Salinity plays a critical role in the biology of aquatic organisms. To briefly summarize, freshwater species are constantly trying to keep salt in their bodies and excess water out. Conversely, marine species are continuously pumping water in and salt out. Plop one in the other’s environment and it’s disastrous for their biochemistry. Fish that live in brackish environments, like some areas of the salt marsh, all naturally have a resistance to these fluctuations and some can slowly shift between the two. Mummichog live on the edge, quite literally the edge, or fringes, of the marsh, and as such can experience these shifts in salinity at the drop of a hat, and tolerate them. They have even been known to colonize freshwater ponds as escaped bait.
This Flora and Fauna Friday it’s an understory florally whorlly pendulous tubular wildflower, Woodbine or Coral Honeysuckle (Lonicera sempervirens).
Up the Wax-myrtle, over the Yaupon, onto the Sweatleaf, and into the Oak the Woodbine climbs. A peeling varnished bark falls back to make way for the ever reaching pastel-pink of a new year’s growth. Wavy glaucous leaves stretch out in the sun as a stem above pushes onward and upward, leaves pulled tauter to this tower with every story added. Atop the tip the leaves become a dish and a coral crest protrudes. At the summit of this upcoming summer’s solar array blooms this spring’s flowers. A stack of whorls extends its soft red fingers until they burst forth with five-petalled tips dusted with the yellow of pollen.
Woodbine is a perennial woody flowering vine in the Honeysuckle family. It’s found throughout South Carolina and the Eastern United States. It prefers sandy soils and full-sun but is most often found in partial-shade along forest edges, where it has something to climb. It is not a particularly high climber but can topple any shrub or sapling it encounters. Its bark is thin and shaggy and its vines fairly fine. New growth is often tinged in red and leaves have a bluish cast. Leaves are oppositely arranged and become perfoliate, wrapping around the stem, as they near a flower bud. Flowers are long, narrow, coral-red, and bunched together. The blooms peak in April but can continue through summer. A combination perfect for hungry Hummingbirds. The fruit is a small red drupe that is eaten and dispersed by birds. Coral Honeysuckle is an excellent addition to most any backyard garden. It can be trellised to produce shade and provides food for both birds and butterflies.
This week for Flora and Fauna Friday we’re bob-bob-bobbing along with the American Robin (Turdus migratorius).
The American Robin is our largest member of the Thrush family as well as the strongest contender for most common bird in North America, with a population estimated at over 300 million. He sings a jarring fluty tune through a carrot-orange bill while his salt-and-pepper beard shudders to keep the beat. Dark glassy eyes look out beyond his perch through broken white eyeliner on a carbon-black head. His shale-gray back reflects a wisp of the morning sun and a red rusting chest puffs out with a gulp of brisk spring air. The male Robin in his territory is a handsome and familiar site across the country. His feminine counterpart is not as contrasting or vociferous as she bobs through the stalks of a dewy pasture’s hedgerow, beak stacked with inchworms. Both make their way to Edisto each year at the dawn of fall with scores more couples in the wing. They mingle with the local for the winter before fleeing from the summer’s sweltering heat.
American Robins are primarily a migratory species, returning to the South for every winter, but can be found year round in certain sections of our state. They’re most easily found in wet lawns, field edges, and the understory of moist forests as they loose their windy tune and short step across the ground. American Robins live on a diet of arthropods and fruit. In the winter their diet is primarily fruits, including holly, crabapple, and redcedar. As the spring approaches and the weather warms, they shift their meals to earthworms, spiders, and inchworms. Robins are best known for their habit of bobbing along as they search for snacks and collect longitudinally extended critters in their mouth. Many songbirds can’t walk and can only move on the ground by jumping due to how their leg tendons are shaped. However, Robins are one of the species that can walk just fine, they just choose not to a lot. You’ll oft see them sprint short distances on open ground. The bobbing helps Robins move in tall grass, as they jump from footing to footing. The worm hoarding is for efficiency’s sake. This is simply so mothers don’t have to make so many trips to and from the nest. It also guarantees they have enough pureed worms to go around for the little ones.
This week for Flora and Fauna Friday it’s another subterranean parasitic plant, Bearcorn (Conopholis americana).
Bearcorn, AKA Squawroot or American Cancer-Root, is a non-photosynthetic, parasitic, subterranean angiosperm. Much like Indian Pipe, which I’ve written about before, it lives its life entirely underground and is only visible when it blooms. However, unlike Indian Pipe, Bearcorn blooms in spring rather than fall and it belongs to a different family of plants, Orobanchaceae. This family of plants is well known for their ability to parasitize the roots of other plants, Bearcorn being no exception. Bearcorn is holoparasitic, meaning it survives entirely from parasitism and its cells contain no chlorophyll. However, unlike Indian Pipe, it parasitizes other plants directly rather than indirectly through the mycorrhizae. Bearcorn taps directly into the roots of an Oak tree, specifically one of the Red Oaks, and siphons off both calories and nutrition while forming a root gall underground. In early spring, Bearcorn blooms with a cluster of flower spikes, thick and creamy-yellow in color. These flower stalks are short and cone-shaped. Their resemblance to tiny corn cobs and palatability to wildlife earned them that common name of “bear corn”. The flower stalks can persist for several months and eventually wither into a dry brush-like shape. This makes it easier to detect for several months after but the flower’s full display is only short-lived.
